INFERENS...(kesimpulan awal....)

Assalamualaikum,

Dalam posting kali ini, saya hanya akan membincangkan teknik menulis inferens (inference), iaitu salah satu bentuk soalan dalam Kertas 2 Science PMR.

Apa itu inferens?...

Daripada segi bahasa formalnya, inferens adalah "kesimpulan awal". Tapi, untuk lebih memahaminya, dalam bahasa tidak formal bermaksud "sebab yang mungkin". ini bermaksud, bila timbul sesuatu permasalahan, kita mungkin akan cuba meneka-neka pelbagai sebab yang dirasakan relaven dengannya. Namun, ia masih tidak boleh dianggap sebagai "sebab yang betul" selagi tidak dijalankan sebarang penyiasatan (eksperimen) ke atasnya.

Sebagai contoh:

Lihat gambar di bawah.

Apa yang kita dapat perhatikan, Gerai Q lebih panas berbanding P.

Namun, kenapa jadi begitu?? ----- So, what is the inference for this situation?


Kalau nak jawab soalan inferens, kita perlu ingat tips di bawah:

Contoh jawapan:

Stall Q is hotter because it is painted with darker colour


"Stall Q is hotter"   ialah pernyataan bagi "difference"
manakala,
"it is painted with darker colour"   ialah "reason"


Kalau masih belum jelas, cuba buat banyaaaaak latihan untuk soalan seperti ini sahaja.

Kita cuba satu lagi soalan, ok??

Candle Y is extinguished faster than candle X.
Give an inference for this experiment.


Berdasarkan gambarajah di atas, lilin Y akan padam terlebih dahulu. Kenapa lilin Y padam dahulu (inferens)?

Untuk jawab soalan ini, gunakan tip yg telah di beri di atas.


Contoh jawapan:

Candle Y extinguished first because there is less oxygen in beaker Y.
(........... difference........)              (........... reason ...............)



Cuba pula soalan di bawah:

What is the inference for this experiment?


Adakah jawapan anda sama dengan jawapan saya di bawah???...

"The water level rises because it replaces the volume of oxygen that was used up."
 (..... observation ....)              (................ reason ...............)


Sebagai latihan tambahan, cuba pula soalan-soalan di bawah.

Walaubagaimanapun, saya tidak akan menyertakan sebarang jawapan. Anda boleh cuba menjawabnya di ruangan komen.

1.

After 30 minutes, the temperature in conical flask B is higher than the temperature in conical flask A. Give an inference for the situation in conical flask B.

2.

 

Give an inference for torch light W.

  
 3.

What is the inference for this experiment?





Selamat Mencuba ^_^

credit to cikgunurul...

Understanding Lever

Lever is a Simple Machine

object or in applying a force to an object. It is considered a "pure" simple machine because friction is not a factor to overcome, as in other simple machines.

A lever consists of a fulcrum, applied force and load. There are three common types or classes of levers, depending on where the fulcrum and applied force is located. The mechanical advantage is that you can move a heavy object using less force than the weight of the object, you can propel an object faster by applying a force at a slower speed, or you can move an object further than the distance you apply to the lever.

Questions you may have include:

• What are the parts of a lever?
• What are the three lever classes?
• What are the uses for a lever?

Parts of a lever

A typical lever consists of a solid board or rod that can pivot about a point or fulcrum. A force or effort is applied, resulting in moving or applying force to a load. The distance from the applied force or effort force to the fulcrum is called the effort arm and the distance from the load to the fulcrum is called the load arm

Parts of a Lever

Since there is typically a very small amount of friction at the fulcrum, overcoming friction is not a factor in a lever as it might be in another simple machine like a ramp or wedge. Thus, we consider a lever a pure simple machine.

Three lever classes

There are three types or classes of levers, according to where the load and effort are located with respect to the fulcrum

1st Class

A 1st class lever has the fulcrum placed between the effort and load. The movement of the load is in the opposite direction of the movement of the effort. Note that the length of the effort arm can be greater than, equal to or less than the length of the load arm in a 1st class lever

1st class lever

Examples of 1st class levers include:

• Teeter-totter
• Oars on a boat
• Catapult
• Shoehorn
• Scissors
• Pair of pliers

Double 1st lever

A scissors and a pair of pliers are considered double 1st levers.

A pair of pliers is a double 1st lever

2nd Class 

A 2nd class  lever has the load in between the effort and the fulcrum. In this type of lever, the movement of the load is in the same direction as that of the effort. Note that the length of the effort arm goes all the way to the fulcrum and is always greater than the length of the load arm in a  2nd class  lever.

2nd class lever

Examples of  2nd class  levers include:

• Wheelbarrow
• Crowbar
• Nut cracker

3rd Class 

A 3rd class  lever has the effort in between the load and the fulcrum. Both the effort and load are in the same direction. Note that the length of the load arm goes all the way to the fulcrum and is always greater than the length of the effort arm in a  3rd class  lever.

3rd class  lever

Examples of  3rd class   levers include:

• Tweezers
• Stapler
• Mousetrap
• Broom
• Hockey stick

Uses for a lever

The reason for a lever is that you can use it for a mechanical advantage in lifting heavy loads, moving things a greater distance or increasing the speed of an object.

SUPPORT AND MOVEMENT IN PLANT & ANIMAL

jom..sama-sama kita fahami bab ini..

endoskeleton

exoskeleton

hydrostatic skeleton

BAHANG PEPERIKSAAN KIAN TERASA....

bahang peperiksaan PMR sangat hangat terasa...
persediaan demi persediaan sedang rancak dilakukan..
ada yang tak lena tidur,ada yang menangis, hampir putus asa..dan tak kurang juga yang masih kekal dengan momentum yang sama sejak dari mula...
apa yang paling penting, teruskan berusaha..mohon pertolongan dari Yang Maha Esa.. moga-moga anda semua akan berjaya...






PS: CIKGU KONGSIKAN LINK BAGI MEMUDAHKAN ANDA( link ada kat tepi sana ya....)  yang  mencari soalan percubaan PMR dari seluruh pelosok Malaysia..

terima kasiht ak terhingga kepada semua cikgu-cikgu di luar sana yang sangat berjasa...

SELAMAT HARI GURU!

GURU INOVATIF MELONJAKKAN TRANSFORMASI PENDIDIKAN NEGARA

BIODiversity - classification of animals

Mammals and birds are warm-blooded, which means that they can make their own body heat even when it is cold outside. Whether it is sunny and hot outside or there is a snowstorm and it is very cold, warm-blooded animals have body temperatures that usually stay the same

Cold-blooded animals, like reptiles, amphibians, and fish, become hotter and colder, depending on the the temperature outside. For example, when the sun sets at night, their bodies are cooler because it is less warm outside. When the sun is out, however, their bodies soak up the heat and become warmer

Reproduction (Baby animals!)

Another difference is the way animals give birth to their young (babies)

Amphibians lay thousands and sometimes millions of small, soft eggs, and they lay them in the water! The eggs are jelly-like. 

Amphibian means "double life"... the early part of an amphibian's life is spent in the water, and usually as they get older then they also spend time on land. Think of a tadpole turning into a frog!!

The process amphibians go through is called "metamorphosis". Baby amphibian looks completely different than the adult amphibians!

Birds also lay eggs, with a very hard outer shell. Birds generally lay 1 to 17 eggs at a time

Fish also lay many many eggs - sometimes millions of tiny eggs! They are also laid in the water
 Most baby mammals grow inside their mother until they are born. This is something that makes mammals different, because most other kinds of animals do something else...

Another important characteristic is that mammal babies drink milk from their mothers until they are old enough to eat other food.


You may have seen this with mammals and their babies - including humans,
who are also mammals!

Reptiles usually lay eggs, and the babies then grow inside the egg until they are ready to come out. 

Sometimes reptiles will give birth like mammals, without eggs

GROWING STARS @ SMK PUTRAJAYA PRESINT 9(1)

Alhamdulillah.. kelas Sains untuk program GROWING STARS @ SMKPP9(1) telah berjalan dengan lancar pada Sabtu, 28 /4/2012 jam 10.30 pagi hingga 12/30 tengahari yang lalu...

moga semua pelajar yang terlibat mendapat manfaat dari sesi perkongsian kita...

international science youth forum-ISYF2012@SINGAPORE!

Inspire Passion for Science Amongst Youth.

ISYF aims to provide high-ability students with ample opportunity to innovate and create. The programme hopes to develop a global mindset in the pursuit of scientific knowledge. Nobel Laureates and other eminent scientists will share their life experiences to inspire these students. This will create greater awareness about the importance of broad-based knowledge, diverse interests, deep passion, tenacity and a global mindset in the pursuit of scientific excellence. Participants will also have the opportunity to discuss their research with students from different countries and take part in hands-on activities at HCI’s Science Research Centre.

Establish Cooperation and Friendship amongst Young Talented Science Students.

Students will have many opportunities to interact and form strong bonds with each other. Activities are designed to promote mutual cooperation, understanding and appreciation of each other’s diverse culture and a common passion in science and research.

Build Capacities of Science Educators.

trough sharing sessions with scientists and fellow Science educators, ISYF will help bring new ideas to educators. It will also serve as a valuable opportunity for schools to establish and develop close ties with each other and to explore future collaborations.

“Nurturing The Scientific Mind”

ISYF2012

14 - 20 JANUARY 2012