Sunday, May 22, 2011

CHAPTER 7: ELECTRICITY



7.1 Electrostatics

1. Electrostatics is the study of static electrical charges.


2. There are two types of electric charge: positive charge and negative charge.


3. Positive charges consist of protons and negative charges consist of electrons.


4. A neutral object has the same number of positively and negatively charged
particles.


5. An object that loses electrons becomes positively charged because there are
more protons than electrons.

6. The transfer of charged particles happens when two different substances are
rubbed. The charge formed by friction is known as electrostatic charge.



7. The Detection of Electrostatic Charge


Electrostatic charge can be detected by using an electroscope.

7.2 Electricity
1. Some sources of electrical energy are the solar cell, dry cell, wet cell, power generator, lithium ion battery and cadmium battery.
2. An electric current (I), is defined as the rate of flow of electrons.


3. The electrical force needed to move electrons between two points is called the
voltage (V) or potential difference between the two points.



4. The property of a materials that prevents or resists the flow of electrons
through the material is called the resistance (R).

7.3 Electric Current, Voltage and Resistance




Electrical
Current
Voltage
Resistance
Definition
Quantity of electric
charge that flows through a conductor
in
The potential
difference between two points in an electric
circuit
The opposition to the
flow of electric charge
Measuring
instrument
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Using Ohm's Law
R = V I
Symbol
I
V
R
Method of connection
Series
Parallel
Resistance of wire depends on:
length
diameter
type of metal



7.4 Relationship between current, voltage and resistance


1. Ohms Laws states that the current flowing through a conductor is directly
proportional to its voltage.

2. Ohm’s law is given by the following formula,

7.5 Parallel and Series Circuits
Series circuit
Difference in term
Parallel circuit



The electrical components are connected end to end
Method of connection
The electrical components are connected side by side
The current flows in one channel only
Number of channels
The current flows in more than one channel
The other bulbs will not light up
If one bulb burns out
The other bulbs will still light up
Same in every resistance
I = I1 = I2 = I3
Amount of current
Same as the total amount of current in every channel
I=I1 + I2 + I3
Same as the amount of
voltage through every bulb
V = VI + V2 + V3
Amount of voltage
Voltage is the same as the
voltage supply
V1 = V2 = V3 = V
Total resistance (R) is the same as total of all resistances R=RI+R2+R3
Amount of resistance
Total resistance (R) is calculated as follows:
1 = 1 + 1 + 1
R RI R2 R3
Does not last long
Lifespan
Lasts long
Increases if the number of cells increases
Current
Same even though the number of cells increases


7.6 Magnetism


1. Magnetism is a group of phenomena associated with magnetic fields.


2. The characteristics of a magnet are:


(a) A magnet has two poles the north and the south poles.
(b) The same poles repel, different poles attract each other.

(c) A free hanging magnet always points in the north-south direction.
(d) A magnet can attract iron, steel, cobalt and nickel.


3. A magnetic field is a field of force surrounding a magnetic body.




7.7 Electromagnetism


1 An electromagnet is a temporary magnet formed when an electric current is passed through a coil of conductor wire.



2 The current that flows through the conductor produces a magnet field around it


3 The direction of the magnetic field of a straight wire can be determined by using the


RIGHT HAND GRIP RULE.





a. The thumb represents the direction of the current flow


b. The curved fingers represent the direction of the magnetic field


4. The strength of a solenoid magnetic field can be increased by

a. increasing the number of turns in the coiled wire.
b. Inserting a laminated iron bar into the solenoid.

c. Increasing the current flow.


5. Electromagnets are used in loud speakers, electric bells, telephone receivers and telegraph machines.

6. The strength of a solenoid magnetic field can be increased by




d. increasing the number of turns in the coiled wire.
e. Inserting a laminated iron bar into the solenoid.

f. Increasing the current flow.







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